Methods for treating a plant exposed to a phytotoxicant

ABSTRACT

Methods of treating a plant exposed to a phytotoxicant are provided. Embodiments of the subject methods include identifying a plant exposed to a phytotoxicant and applying an assimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprising composition to the identified plant. Embodiments of the subject compositions may include one or more of a macronutrient component, micronutrient component, vitamin/cofactor component, complexing agent and microbe. Kits for use in practicing the subject invention are also provided. The subject methods find use in a variety of different applications in which a plant is phytotoxic or at least in danger of becoming phytotoxic due to exposure or potential exposure to a phytotoxicant.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/794,187,filed Mar. 4, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,906,129.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of this invention is agriculture.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many pesticides (e.g., insecticides, herbicides, bactericides,fungicides, etc.) and other substances, impart phytotoxic responses,i.e., subtle to distinct hindrances to the physiological functions, toplants. Such substances that result in phytotoxicity may generally bereferred to as phytotoxicants.

Phytotoxicity resulting from a variety of sources and scenarios plaguethe agricultural industry. For example, plant toxicities may result fromaccidental drift of a pesticide onto a plant, accidental spraying of aplant with a toxicant, planting into soil that has been contaminatedwith a toxicant, and the like.

Regardless of the source or scenario by which a phytotoxicant iscontacted with a plant, phytotoxicity can have severe adverseconsequences, including serious economic consequences, to both theaffected plant and the grower. For example, phytotoxicity may result incrop losses, forced removal and replanting of crops, plant death and incertain instances may render the soil unusable for crops for prolongedperiods of time.

Accordingly, there continues to be an interest in the development ofmethods that at least mollify the effects of a phytotoxicant on anexposed plant, regardless of the source of the phytotoxicant or scenarioby which the plant has been exposed to the phytotoxicant.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Methods of treating a plant exposed to a phytotoxicant are provided.Embodiments of the subject methods include identifying a plant exposedto a phytotoxicant and applying an assimilable carbon-skeleton energycomponent-comprising composition to the identified plant. Embodiments ofthe subject compositions may include one or more of a macronutrientcomponent, micronutrient component, vitamin/cofactor component,complexing agent and microbe. Kits for use in practicing the subjectinvention are also provided. The subject methods find use in a varietyof different applications in which a plant is phytotoxic or at least indanger of becoming phytotoxic due to exposure or potential exposure to aphytotoxicant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C1 show exemplary phytotoxicants that may be exposed to aplant resulting in phytotoxicity of the plant- which phytotoxicity maybe treated in accordance with the subject methods.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Methods of treating a plant exposed to a phytotoxicant are provided.Embodiments of the subject methods include identifying a plant exposedto a phytotoxicant and applying an assimilable carbon-skeleton energycomponent-comprising composition to the identified plant. Embodiments ofthe subject compositions may include one or more of a macronutrientcomponent, micronutrient component, vitamin/cofactor component,complexing agent and microbe. Kits for use in practicing the subjectinvention are also provided. The subject methods find use in a varietyof different applications in which a plant is phytotoxic or at least indanger of becoming phytotoxic due to exposure or potential exposure to aphytotoxicant.

Before the present invention is described, it is to be understood thatthis invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, assuch may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope ofthe present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in thatstated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lowerlimits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in thesmaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to anyspecifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated rangeincludes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either both ofthose included limits are also included in the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also beused in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferredmethods and materials are now described. All publications mentionedherein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe themethods and/or materials in connection with which the publications arecited.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for theirdisclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothingherein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention isnot entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from theactual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading thisdisclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustratedherein has discrete components and features which may be readilyseparated from or combined with the features of any of the other severalembodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the presentinvention.

As summarized above, the subject invention provides methods for treatinga plant identified as being exposed to a phytotoxicant. The subjectmethods may be employed to at least reduce or mollify, and in certaininstances prevent, phytotoxicity of a plant brought about by theexposure of a phytotoxicant-inducing substance (i.e., a phytotoxicant)to the plant. The subject methods may be employed to mollify or “buffer”the magnitude of, and in certain instances eliminate, phytotoxicity.

Phytotoxicity may be characterized broadly as plant injury and maymanifest or express itself in a number of ways including subtle and/orobvious symptoms. For example, symptoms may include compromised physicaland/or physiological activity or function of one or more aspects of aplant and may range from minor leaf speckling to plant death.Phytotoxicity symptoms may include, but are not limited to, chlorosis,necrosis, burning, leaf speckling or banding, leaf drop, fruit spotting,distortion of new growth, stunting of growth, cessation of growth,discoloration (e.g., yellowing of the leaves (soaps)), root injury(e.g., poor root development or growth), puckering (xylene injury), tipbrowning, plant death, and the like. For example, phytotoxicity mayresult in a reduction or compromise in a plant's metabolic activity,such as manifested as adversely affecting (e.g., stunting) plant growth,e.g., phytotoxicity may be observed as an adverse effect on a plant'soverall vigor and growth.

A plant may be exposed to a phytotoxicant in a number of different waysand it is to be understood that the subject methods are not limited toany particular exposure or contacting method or particularphytotoxicant. For example, exposure of a plant with a phytotoxicant maybe purposeful or accidental and may be direct (e.g., directly contactedto at least a portion of a plant such as the foliage of a plant or thelike), or indirect (e.g., contacted via contaminated soil or water).Accordingly, the subject methods may be employed to at least reducephytotoxicity of a plant exposed to a phytotoxicant, where the exposuremay be accomplished by any method, including, but not limited to, driftonto the plant of a phytotoxicant, accidental foliar spray with aphytotoxicant, purposeful foliar spray with a phytotoxicant, accidentalfoliar spray with a reactant that negatively interacts with a previouslyapplied substance to produce a phytotoxic effect, purposeful foliarspray with a reactant that negatively interacts with a previouslyapplied substance to produce a phytotoxic effect, planting inphytotoxicant-contaminated soil, irrigating withphytotoxicant-contaminated water, pollution, and the like. For example,phytotoxicity may result from the application of substance such as apesticide that is otherwise safe, but which causes phytotoxicity ifapplied at an excessive rate. For example, in such as instance exposuremay be purposeful, but the amount or rate of the phytotoxicant used mayresult in phytotoxicity of the exposed plant. Phytotoxicity may also becaused by mixing too many pesticides together, e.g., in a spray tank,all at proper and safe rates if applied separately and which separatedapplications may not cause phytotoxicity, but when mixed together maycause phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity may also occur from the build-up ofsuccessive pesticide application wherein the individual applications arenot phytotoxic, but phytotoxicity may occur via build-up from regularapplications of the same type of a pesticide, e.g., applied too manytimes in succession and/or at too close an interval. Phytotoxicity mayoccur due to an interaction between two substances. For example, apesticide may be applied to a plant without injury, but when mixed withone or more incompatible substances (e.g., mixed prior to or afterapplication to a plant (may already be in the soil or on the plant)),may result in phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity may also be “episodic” whichrefers to an episode wherein a common pesticide, for reasons that may ormay not be known, suddenly causes plant injury, which may never haveoccurred before in prior applications. In many instances this type ofepisodic phytotoxicity may occur due to factors such as weather. Forexample, some pesticides are safe in cooler weather whereas they canbecome phytotoxicants in high heat conditions. Water-stressed plants canalso be very sensitive to otherwise safe pesticide applications.Improper cleaning of the spray tank from a previous application may alsocause episodic phytotoxicity.

The term “phytotoxicant” is used herein broadly to refer to anysubstance, organic or inorganic, that may injure or damage a plant,i.e., the application of which may result in phytotoxicity to a plant asdescribed above. Phytotoxicants as used herein include phytotoxicantsknown, suspected, not known or not suspected, of resulting inphytotoxicity of a plant when contacted thereto. Substances that arepotential phytotoxicants are also encompassed by the subject methods.Accordingly, phytotoxicants may include, but are not limited to,pesticides, pests, pathogens, and the like.

The term “pesticide” is meant broadly to include any agent that affectsthe mortality, morbidity or behavior of a target organism and includes,but is not limited to, insecticides, acaracides, miticides, fungicides,bactericides, herbicides, antibiotics, antimicrobials, nemacides,rodenticides, entomopathogens, phermones, attractants, plant growthregulators, insect growth regulators, chemosterilants, repellents,viruses and phagostimulents. Examples of these pesticides are known tothose skilled in the art, and many are readily commercially available.Pesticides may be in any form, e.g., may be in solid or liquid form, maybe an organic pesticide, may be an inorganic pesticide, and the like.Pesticides may be synthetic or man-made. Pesticides may be a naturallyoccurring, derived from natural materials or may be non-naturallyoccurring. A plant may be exposed to a single pesticide or a pluralityof pesticides, where one or more may result in phytotoxicity. As notedabove, pesticides as used in the context of the subject invention may beknown to be phytotoxic or may be at least suspected of being phytotoxic,or may not be known or even suspected of being phytotoxic.

FIGS. 1A-1C provide exemplary pesticides, the contact of which to aplant may result in phytotoxicity. However, such is for exemplarypurposes only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of theinvention.

Embodiments of the subject methods include contacting a plant that hasbeen exposed, or is at least suspected of being exposed, to aphytotoxicant with composition that is capable of at least reducing thephytotoxicity and in certain instances is capable of completelyeliminating the phytotoxicity (i.e., capable of complete detoxificationof a plant). While the subject methods are described primarily withreference to applying the subject compositions to a plant that hasalready been contacted with a phytotoxicant, the subject compositionsmay be employed prophylactically to a plant, e.g., before a plant iscontacted with a phytotoxicant or before it is known that a substance isa phytotoxicant.

Accordingly, embodiments include identifying a plant that has beenexposed, or at least is suspected of being exposed, to a phytotoxicant.Identifying a plant that has been exposed or is at least suspected ofbeing to a phytotoxicant may be accomplished in any suitable manner.Identification of a plant that has been exposed or is at least suspectedof being exposed to a phytotoxicant may be accomplished usingqualitative and/or quantitative methods. For example, suchidentification may be highly accurate and/or quantitative, or may not beso highly accurate and may include estimating or even guessing whether aplant has been exposed to a phytotoxicant. Accordingly, identifying aplant that has been exposed or is at least suspected of being exposed toa phytotoxicant is used broadly herein to include any method or processfor identifying, determining or evaluating, i.e., assessing ormeasuring, or otherwise arriving at a qualitative and/or quantitativedetermination of whether a plant has been, or is suspected being,exposed to a phytotoxicant. As such, by identify a plant in this contextis meant to include qualitative and quantitative determinationsincluding arriving at a conclusion that it is unknown whether a planthas been exposed to a phytotoxicant. The identification of a plant thathas been exposed or is at least suspected of being exposed to aphytotoxicant may be accomplished empirically (i.e., determined byexperiment or observation) or may be determined from deduction,hypothesis, theory, e.g., solely or in part from theory or priorknowledge.

Methods that may be employed include, but are not limited to, assayingground water, plant tissue, and the like, for evidence of aphytotoxicant and/or phytotoxicity. Observing the physical and/orphysiological activity or function of one or more aspects of a plant maybe employed and may include observing plant death, chlorosis, necrosis,burning, leaf speckling or banding, leaf drop, fruit spotting,distortion of new growth, stunting of growth, cessation of growth,discoloration (e.g., yellowing of the leaves (soaps)), root injury(e.g., poor root development or growth), puckering (xylene injury), tipbrowning, a reduction or compromise in a plant's metabolic activity suchas manifested as adversely affecting (e.g., stunting) plant growth, aplant's overall vigor and growth, etc. In certain embodiments a Lemnagrowth assay may be used in testing the phytotoxicity of pesticides andother environmental chemicals to higher plants. For example, Lemnaspecies can easily be used for the examination of pesticide exposurethrough water, for the study of pesticide drift and research into theeffects of surface films at the air-water interface (see, e.g., Swanson1989, Taraldesen and Norberg-King 1990). References of interest include:US EPA. 1996b. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines. OPPTS 850.4400Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test Using Lemna spp., Tiers I and II. EPA712-C-96-156; Lockhart, L. W., B. N. Billeck and C. L. Baron. 1989.“Bioassays with a floating aquatic plant (Lemna minor) for effects ofsprayed and dissolved glyphosate.” Hydrobiologia. 188/189: 353-359; and“A Sediment Toxicity Method Using Lemna Minor, Duckweed” a posterpresentation (Society of Environmental Toxicology and AnalyticalChemistry meeting, Nashville, Tenn., November, 2000) by Lazorchak, J.M., Williams, D. E., Suszcynsky-Meister, E. M. and Smith, M. E., U.S.EPA and SBI Environmental, Cincinnati, Ohio.

As noted above, in certain embodiments the determination of whether aplant has been exposed or is at least suspected of being exposed to aphytotoxicant may be based in whole or in part on prior knowledge andinclude educated guesses, speculation, etc, and in certain embodimentsthe determination of whether a plant has been contacted with aphytotoxicant may be determined to be unknown. In certain embodiments,such a determination may be based in whole or in part on the knowledgeof pesticide application in an area surrounding a plant, e.g., appliedto surrounding crops.

Once it is determined that a plant is phytotoxic or is at risk ifbecoming phytotoxic, e.g., has been identified as being exposed orsuspected of being exposed to a phytotoxicant or potentialphytotoxicant, a composition for combating (e.g., at least reducing,eliminating or preventing) phytotoxicity may be applied to the plant ina manner effective to treat the plant for phytotoxicity. By “treat” ismeant that at least an amelioration of the symptoms associated with thephytotoxicant afflicting the plant is achieved, where amelioration isused in a broad sense to refer to at least a reduction in the magnitudeof a parameter, e.g., symptom, associated with the plant being treated.As such, treatment of a plant includes situations where thephytotoxicant, or at least symptoms associated the phytotoxicant, arecompletely inhibited, e.g. prevented-from happening, or stopped, e.g.terminated eliminated, such that the plant no longer suffers from theeffects of the phytotoxicant, or at least the symptoms that characterizethe phytotoxicant.

The practice of the subject methods may result in one or more of:partial or complete detoxification, recovery of normal physiologicalfunctions, inciting enhanced production of membrane tissues andconcomitant production of enzymes needed for efficient physiologicalfunctions, de novo synthesis of toxicant degradative enzymes, and thelike. In certain embodiments the subject compositions may impart adegree of preventive phytotoxicant tolerance to a treated plant

As noted above, to treat a plant for phytotoxicity, the subject methodsinclude applying a phytotoxicity-fighting composition to the plant.Embodiments of the subject compositions are assimilable carbon skeletonenergy component-containing compositions and as such include anassimilable carbon skeleton energy component. Other components forcombating phytotoxicity also be included in the subject compositions andinclude, but are not limited to, one or more micronutrients component, amacronutrient component, a vitamin/cofactor component, a complexingagent and a beneficial microbial inoculant.

The inventor of the subject invention has discovered that the subjectcompositions (i.e., compositions that include one or more of: anassimilable carbon skeleton energy component, a macronutrient component,a micronutrient component, a vitamin/cofactor component, a complexingagent and at least one microbial species) provide unexpected, beneficialresults when administered to a plant suffering from phytotoxicity. Morespecifically, the inventor of the subject invention has realized that,when applied to a phytotoxicant-exposed plant, the subject compositionsprovide subtle to significant protection from the effects ofphytotoxicant-induced phytotoxicity, where in certain instancesphytotoxic effects may be completely prevented or eliminated.

Specifically, the inventor of the subject invention has discovered thatthe magnitude or degree of phytotoxcity may at least be reduced in aplant by employing the subject methods and in certain instancesphytotoxicity may be completely eliminated. For example, in certainembodiments the magnitude of phytotoxicity, as measured by visualobservation of degree of symptom mitigation and/or chemical laboratoryanalysis for the toxicant, such as, but not limited to, visualassessment of the degree of mitigation of one or more of (a) tissuedistortion, (b) color alteration, (c) level of stunting, (d) recoveryfrom necrosis, (e) aborting of flowers and/or fruit, (f) extent ofoverall growth, (g) leaf size and/or density, and the like. In certainembodiments, the magnitude of phytotoxicity may be decreased from about5% to about 100%, e.g., from about 25% to about 100%, e.g., from about50% to about 100%.

Accordingly, the inventor of the subject invention has discovered thatthe application of the subject methods to a plant suffering fromphytotoxicity provides at least a reduction in one or more aspects ofthe results of phytotoxicity and/or a reduction in the phytoxicant inthe soil and/or affected tissues, where phytotoxicity may becharacterized as described above, i.e., broadly as plant injury broughtabout by the exposure to a phytotoxicant. A decrease in phytotoxicitymagnitude or severity by employing the subject methods may be observedas at least an amelioration of the phytotoxic symptoms associated withthe plant, where amelioration is used in a broad sense to refer to atleast a reduction in the magnitude of a parameter, e.g., symptom,associated with the plant being treated. Accordingly, at least areduction in the magnitude (typically within the ranges provided above)of one or more symptoms may be provided by the practice of the subjectinvention, where such symptoms include, but are not limited to one ormore of: chlorosis, necrosis, burning, leaf speckling or banding, leafdrop, fruit spotting, distortion of new growth, stunting of growth,cessation of growth, discoloration (e.g., yellowing of the leaves(soaps)), root injury (e.g., poor root development or growth), puckering(xylene injury), tip browning, plant death, reduction or compromise in aplant's metabolic activity such as manifested in a plant's growth,reduction in overall vigor and growth, and the like.

The components of the subject compositions are now described in greaterdetail. It is to understood that one or more, including all, of thecomponents may be employed in a phytotoxicity-fighting composition.

Assimilable Carbon Energy Component

Embodiments of the subject compositions also include an assimilablecarbon skeleton energy (ACSE) component. ACSE components that find usein the subject compositions are carbon-containing substances whichprovide a readily plant-assimilable source of both carbon and energy forthe plant. Accordingly, the function of this component is to supplycarbon skeleton for synthesis of proteins and other plant molecules andto supply energy for plant metabolism such that an ACSE component, whensuitably assimilated or absorbed by the plant, may provide a source ofenergy and also a source of carbon skeleton from which, for example,proteins may be synthesized by the plant. As the carbon skeleton energycomponents are assimilable by a plant, they are water soluble componentsso as to be easily assimilable by a plant.

Embodiments include an ACSE component that is a C₂ to C₁₄, e.g., C₄ toC₈ compound or polymer thereof, e.g., a polymer in which the monomericunits are C₂ to C₁₄ compounds, such as a polysaccharide. The ACSEcomponent may be a single carbon containing compound or a composition oftwo or more different carbon containing or organic compounds. Compoundsand compositions capable of serving as a ACSE component include, but arenot limited to: complex organic compositions, such as molasses (e.g.cane, sugar beet, sorghum, etc.), whey, corn steep liquor, grape syrup,maple syrup, corn syrup, etc; sugars, e.g. sucrose, fructose, glucose,lactose, galactose, dextrose, maltose, raffinose, ribose, ribulose,xylulose, xylose, amylose, arabinose, etc.; sugar phosphates, e.g.fucose-P, galactose-P, glucose-P, lactose-P, maltose-P, mannose-P,ribose-P, ribulose-P, xylose-P, xylulose-P, etc.; sugar alcohols, e.g.adonitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, ribitol, galactitol, glucitol,etc.; organic acids, e.g. gluccuronic acid, alpha ketoglutaric acid,galactonic acid, glucaric acid, gluconic acid, pyruvic acid,polygalacturonic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, isocitricacid, folic acid, etc.; nucleotides and bases, e.g. adenosine,adenosine-P, uridine, uridine-P, thymine, thymine-P, cytosine,cytosine-P, guanine, guanine-P, etc.; and amino acids, e.g. glycine,alanine, leucine, isoleucine, asparagine, tyrosine, phenylalanine,serine, cysteine, valine, proline, methionine, glutamine, threonine,lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, and the like.

Of interest are sucrose ACSE components and corn syrup ACSE components.Also of interest is molasses. For example, in those embodiments thatemploy molasses, the molasses may be obtained from a number ofcommercial sources, including cane molasses, etc., where commercialsources of molasses include: Westway Terminal, Stockton Calif.; PM Ag,Stockton, Calif.; and the like.

The ACSE component of the subject compositions are present in an amountsuitable to at least reduce the phytotoxic effects of a phytotoxicantcontacted with a plant, where the ACSE component may provide for atleast reduced phytotoxicity alone or may function in combination withother components in a composition. Accordingly, embodiments include anamount of ACSE component present in a subject composition in at least aphytotoxicity-reducing amount, i.e., in at least an amount sufficient toat least reduce phytotoxicity. The particular amount of a given ACSEcomponent present in a given composition depends on a variety of factorssuch as the particular plant to which the composition is to beadministered, the particular ACSE component employed, the particularphytotoxicant(s) to which the plant has been exposed, and the like. Inmany embodiments, the amount of ACSE component in a composition mayrange from about 0.1% to about 20% w/w, e.g., from about 0.1% to about18% w/w, e.g., from about 0.3% to about 16.0% w/w, e.g., from about 1.0%to about 10.0% w/w.

Water Component

The subject compositions may be aqueous or non-aqueous compositions,i.e., may be in solid form, semi-solid form or liquid form, where incertain embodiments the subject compositions are applied to a plant as afoliar spray. In embodiments that include an amount of liquid, theamount of liquid will vary such that the viscosity of a givencomposition may vary and range from low to high. For example,viscosities may range from about 1 centipoise (“cp”) to about 50,000 cp,e.g., from about 10 cp to about 25,000 cp, e.g., from about 20 cp toabout 15,000 cp. In those embodiments in which the compositions areaqueous compositions, they further include a suitable amount of water.The amount of water present in the composition may vary and may rangefrom about 15% to about 99.9% w/w of water, e.g., about 25% to about 85%w/w of water, e.g., about 40% to about 70% w/w of water.

The water used in the subject composition may be obtained from anysuitable source, e.g., a municipal water source and the like. In certainembodiments, purified water is employed, e.g., to dilute pesticideconcentrates to provide application-ready pesticide formulations, toassist in mixing the composition components, etc. For example, waterutilized to prepare application-ready pesticide compositions inaccordance with this invention may be purified to have a total dissolvedsolids (TDS) content of about 1 to about 500 ppm in certain embodiments.

Additional Components

Embodiments of the subject compositions may also include one or moreadditional components such as, but not limited to, one or moremacronutrient components and/or one or more micronutrient componentsand/or one or more vitamin/cofactor components and/or one or morecomplexing agents and/or one or more species of microbes. Othercomponents such as buffers, surfactants, wetting agents, spreaders,emulsifiers, viscosity regulators, diluents, dispersing agents, foamingagents and foaming suppressants, penetrants, stickers, correctants andattractants, and the like may also be employed. For example, embodimentsof the subject compositions may have a pH that ranges from about 1 toabout 12, e.g., from about 3 to about 9, e.g., from about 5 to about 8.Accordingly, a suitable buffer may be employed to maintain a specificpH. Any suitable buffer may be used, e.g., phosphate, amino acid,polyhydroxy organic acid, and the like.

As noted above, a surfactant may be used. The term “surfactant” is usedherein in its conventional sense to refer to a compound that effectsreduction in the surface tension in a fluid. Surfactants may be used toincrease the spreading and wetting properties of a pesticidecomposition. For example, surfactants may be used to increase spreading,coverage and penetration of a surface, e.g., hard and wet soils, toprovide a more uniform distribution of a composition.

Examples of surfactants that may be employed in the subject compositionsinclude anionic, cationic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants. Forexample, nonionic surfactants that may be employed in certainembodiments include organosilicone surfactants. A particularorganosilicone surfactant that may be used in certain embodiments is asurfactant that includes a combination of polyalkyleneoxide modifiedheptamethyltrisiloxane combined with allyloxypolyethyleneglycol methylether (e.g., available under the brand name SILWET L-77® surfactantavailable from GE Silicones of West Virginia). Other surfactants mayalso be used. Other, exemplary surfactants that may be employed include,but are not limited to, those provided in the table below.

Exemplary Generic Brand Name Name Chemical Name Category organo- KineticPolyalkyleneoxide wetter/spreader/ silicone modified polydimethyl-penetrant spreader siloxane and nonionic surfactants nonionic ActiveAlkylarylpolyoxy- nonionic spreader spreader Plus ethylene glycols plusfree fatty acids nonionic Ad-Wet Nonylphenoxypoly(ethyl-spreader/penetrant spreader eneoxy) ethanol, isopropyl alcohol 2-methoxyethanol, oleic acid 80% nonionic Amway alkyl aryl wetting agent spreaderAll- polyalkoxylated Purpose alcohols Spray Adjuvant nonionic AnchorCottonseed oil, sticker/spreader spreader alkylphenoxy polyethoxyethanols buffering Balance Alkyl aryl phosphoric buffer/wetting agentacid ester, phosphoric agent acid nonionic Bio-FilmAlkylarylpolyoxyethylene, spreader/sticker spreader fatty acids, glycolethers, di-alkyl benzene, dicarboxylate, isopropanol nonionic FirstAlkylarylpolyoxyethylene spreader/sticker spreader Choice glycol,isopropyl alcohol Spreader Sticker nonionic Frigate Fatty amineethyoxylate adjuvant spreader anti-foam No Foam Nonyl phenoxy polyethoxyspreader/activator agent Adjuvant ethanol polydimethyl/ siloxanenonionic Nu-Film-P Poly-1-p-menthene spreader/sticker spreaderMacronutrients

As noted above, the subject compositions may also include one or moremacronutrient components for plant nutrition, development and growth. Asthe macronutrient components are components that are used by a plant,they are in a water soluble form that may be easily used by a plant. Thesubject compositions may include one or a plurality of macronutrientcomponents. Accordingly, the number of macronutrient components presentin a composition may range from about 1 to about 15 or more, e.g., fromabout 1 to about 6, e.g., from about 2 to about 6.

The total amount of macronutrient component present in a givencomposition (whether one or a plurality of macronutrients) depends on avariety of factors such as the particular plant to which the compositionis to be administered, the particular macronutrient component(s)employed, the phytotoxicant, and the like. In many embodiments, thetotal amount of macronutrient component in the composition may rangefrom about 0.0001% to about 0.5% w/w, e.g., from about 0.001% to about0.3% w/w, e.g., from about 0.001% to about 0.2% w/w. Representativemacronutrients are compounds that include one or more of (but which arenot limited to): N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Na, C, H, and O. For example,certain embodiments may include one or more of the following exemplarymacronutrient components:

N—ammonium nitrate, monoammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate sulfate,ammonium sulfates, ammonium phosphatenitrate, diammonium phosphate,ammoniated single superphosphate, ammoniated triple superphosphate,nitric phosphates, ammonium chloride, aqua ammonia, ammonia-ammoniumnitrate solutions, calcium ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, calciumcyanamide, sodium nitrate, urea, urea-formaldehyde, urea-ammoniumnitrate solution (e.g., available under the brand name UAN-32 which isurea ammonium nitrate solution 32% (may also be known under other brandnames such as URAN, SOLUTION 32 and 32% SOLUTION)), nitrate of sodapotash, potassium nitrate, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and thelike. For example, ammonium polyphosphate, e.g., available under thebrandname 10-34-0 available from Agrium of Canada may be employed.

P—superphosphate (single, double and/or triple), phosphoric acid;ammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate sulfate, ammonium phosphatenitrate, diammonium phosphate, ammoniated single superphosphate,ammoniated single superphosphate, ammoniated triple superphosphate,nitric phosphates, potassium pyrophosphates, sodium pyrophosphate,nucleic acid phosphates, and the like;

K—potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium gluconate, sulfate ofpotash magnesia, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, potassiumcitrate, potassium hydroxide, potassium manganate, potassium phosphate,potassium molybdate, potassium thiosulfate, potassium zinc sulfate, andthe like;

Ca—calcium ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, calcium cyanamide, calciumacetate, calcium acetylsalicylate, calcium borate, calciumborogluconate, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate,calcium ferrous citrate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate,calcium oxide, calcium pantothenate, calcium proprionate, calciumsaccharate, calcium sulfate, calcium tartrate, and the like;

Mg—magnesium oxide, dolomite, magnesium acetate, magnesium bensoate,magnesium bisulfate, magnesium borate, magnesium chloride, magnesiumcitrate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium salicylate,magnesium sulfate, and the like;

S—ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate sulfate, calcium sulfate,potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sulfuric acid, cobalt sulfate,copper sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, sulfur, cysteine,methionine, and the like.

Micronutrients

As noted above, the subject compositions may also include one or moremicronutrient components for plant nutrition and growth. As themicronutrient components are components that are used by a plant, theyare in a water soluble form that may be easily used by a plant. Thesubject compositions may include one or a plurality of micronutrientcomponents. Accordingly, the number of macronutrient components presentin a composition may range from about 1 to about 60 or more, e.g., fromabout 3 to about 55, e.g., from about 4 to about 50.

The total amount of micronutrient component present in a givencomposition (whether one or a plurality of micronutrients) depends on avariety of factors such as the particular plant to which the compositionis to be administered, the particular micronutrient component(s)employed, the phytotoxicant, and the like. In many embodiments, thetotal amount of micronutrient component in the composition may rangefrom about 0.00000001% to about 0.1% w/w, e.g., from about 0.00000001%to about 0.5% w/w, e.g., from about 0.00000001% to about 0.005% w/w.Representative micronutrients are compounds that include one or more of(but which are not limited to): Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Mo, and Co. Forexample, certain embodiments may include one or more of the followingexemplary micronutrient components:

Zn—zinc oxide, zinc acetate, zinc bensoate, zinc chloride, zinc citrate,zinc nitrate, zinc salicylate, ziram, and the like;

Fe—ferric chloride, ferric citrate, ferric fructose, ferricglycerophosphate, ferric nitrate, ferric oxide (saccharated), ferrouschloride, ferrous citrate ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, ferroussuccinate, and the like;

Mn—manganese acetate, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganesephosphate, and the like;

Cu—cupric acetate, cupric butyrate, cupric chlorate, cupric chloride,cupric citrate, cupric gluconate, cupric glycinate, cupric nitrate,cupric salicylate, cuprous acetate, cuprous chloride, and the like;

B—calcium borate, potassium borohydride, borax, boron trioxide,potassium borotartrate, potassium tetraborate, sodium borate, sodiumborohydride, sodium tetraborate, and the like;

Mo—molybdic acid, calcium molybdate, potassium molybdate, sodiummolybdate, and the like;

Co—cobaltic acetate, cobaltous acetate, cobaltous chloride, cobaltousoxalate, cobaltous potassium sulfate, cobaltous sulfate, and the like.

Vitamins and Cofactors

As noted above, the subject compositions may also include one or morevitamin/cofactor components. As the vitamin/cofactor components arecomponents that are used by a plant, they are in a water soluble formthat may be easily used by a plant. The subject composition may includeone or a plurality of vitamin/cofactor components. Accordingly, thenumber of vitamin/cofactor components present in a composition may rangefrom about 1 to about 20 or more, e.g., from about 3 to about 15, e.g.,from about 5 to about 12.

The total amount of vitamin/cofactor component present in a givencomposition (whether one or a plurality of vitamin/cofactor components)depends on a variety of factors such as the particular plant to whichthe composition is to be administered, the particular vitamin/cofactorcomponent(s) employed, the phytotoxicant, and the like. In manyembodiments, the total amount of vitamin/cofactor component in thecomposition may range from about 0.00000001% to about 0.1% w/w, e.g.,from about 0.0000001% to about 0.05% w/w, e.g., from about 0.000001% toabout 0.01% w/w. Exemplary vitamin/cofactor components include, but arenot limited to:

Thiamine—thiamine pyrophosphate, thiamine monophosphate, thiaminedisulfide, thiamine mononitrate, thiamine phosphoric acid esterchloride, thiamine phosphoric acid ester phosphate salt, thiamine 1,5salt, thiamine triphosphoric acid ester, thiamine triphosphoric acidsalt, yeast, yeast extract, and the like;

Riboflavin—riboflavin acetyl phosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide,flavin adenine mononucleotide, riboflavin phosphate, yeast, yeastextract, and the like;

Nicotinic acid—nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acidamide, nicotinic acid benzyl ester, nicotinic acid monoethanolaminesalt, yeast, yeast extract, nicotinic acid hydrazide, nicotinic acidhydroxamate, nicotinic acid-N-(hydroxymethyl)amide, nicotinic acidmethyl ester, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, nicotinic acid nitrile, andthe like;

Pyridoxine—pyridoxal phosphate, yeast, yeast extract, and the like;

Folic acid—yeast, yeast extract, folinic acid, and the like;

Biotin—biotin sulfoxide, yeast, yeast extract, biotin 4-amidobenzoicacid, biotin amidocaproate N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, biotin6-amidoquinoline, biotin hydrazide, biotin methyl ester,d-biotin-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, biotin-maleimide, d-biotinp-nitrophenyl ester, biotin propranolal, 5-(N-biotinyl)-3aminoallyl)-uridine 5′-triphosphate, biotinylated uridine5′-triphosphate, N-e-biotinyl-lysine, and the like;

Pantothenic acid—yeast, yeast extract, coenzyme A, and the like;

Cyanocobalamin—yeast, yeast extract, and the like;

Phosphatidylcholine—soybean oil, eggs, bovine heart, bovine brain,bovine liver, L-a-phosphatidylcholine, B-acetyl-g-O-alkyl,D-a-phosphatidylcholine(PTCn), B-acetyl-g-O-hexadecyl,DL-a-PTCh,B-acetyl-g-O-hexadecyl, L-a-PTCh,B-acetyl-g-O-(octadec-9-cis-e-nyl), L-a-PTCh, B-arachidonoyl,g-stearoyl, L-a-PTCh, diarachidoyl, L-a-PTCh, dibehenoyl(dibutyroyl,dicaproyl, dicapryloyl, didecanoyl, dielaidoyl, 12 diheptadecanoyl,diheptanoyl), DL-a-PTCh dilauroyl, La-PTCh dimyristoyl(dilauroyl,dilinoleoyl, dinonanoyl, dioleoyl, dipentadeconoyl, dipalmitoyl,distearoyl, diundecanoyl, divaleroyl,B-elaidoyl-a-palmitoyl,B-linoleoyl-a-palmitoyl)DL-a-PTCh di-O-hexadecyl(dioleoyl, dipalmitoyl,B-O-methyl-g-O-hexadecyl, B-oleoyl-g-O-hexadecyl,B-palmitoyl-g-O-hexadecyl), D-a-PTCh dipalmitoyl, L-a-PTCh,B-O-methyl-g-O-octadecyl, L-a-PTCh, B-(NBD-aminohexanoyl)-g-pal-mitoyl,L-a-PTCh, B-oleoyl-g-O-palmitoyl(stearoyl), L-a-PTCh,B-palmitoyl-g-oleoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-palmitoyl-a-(pyren 1-yl)hexanoyl,L-a-PTCh, B(pyren-1-yl)-decanoyl-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh,B-(pyren-1-yl)-hexanoyl-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-stearoyl-g-oleoyl, andthe like;

Inositol—inositol monophosphate, inositol macinate, myo-inositol,epi-inositol, myo-inositol2,2′anhydro-2-c-hydroxymethyl(2-c-methylene-my-oinositol oxide),D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, DL-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclicmonophosphate, myo-inositol dehydrogenase, myo-inositol hexanicotinate,inositol hexaphosphate, myo-inositol hexasulfate, myo-inositol2-monophosphate, D-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate, DL-myo-inositol1-monophosphate, D-Myo-inositol triphosphate, scyllo-inositol, and thelike;

PABA—m-aminobenzoic acid, O-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid butylester, PABA ethyl ester, 3-ABA ethyl ester, and the like.

Complexing Agents

As noted above, the subject compositions may also include one or morecomplexing agents. A complexing agent is an agent that aids in thesolubilization of other components in the composition which otherwisemay precipitate and become non-assimilable or difficultly assimilable.For example, a complexing agent such as citric acid, humic acids,lignosulfonate, etc. may serve to tie up ions such as iron and otherions and prevent them from forming precipitates such that a complexingagent may be an agent that is capable of complexing with a metal ion. Insome cases, e.g., with EDTA, this complexing is by way of a process ofchelation. The component, e.g., macronutrient or micronutrient, socomplexed nevertheless remains assimilable. As such, complexing agentsmay be described as agents which act to facilitate transfer of othercomponents into the cell structure of a plants. As the complexing agentsare used by a plant, they are typically water soluble agents.

The subject composition may include one or a plurality of complexingagents. Accordingly, the number of complexing agents present in acomposition may range from about 1 to about 35 or more, e.g., from about1 to about 20, e.g., from about 1 to about 10.

The total amount of complexing agent present in a given composition(whether one or a plurality of complexing agents) depends on a varietyof factors such as the particular plant to which the composition is tobe administered, the particular complexing agent(s) employed, and thelike. In many embodiments, the total amount of complexing agent in thecomposition may range from about 0.01% to about 30% w/w, e.g., fromabout 0.1% to about 25% w/w, e.g., from about 1.0% to about 20% w/w.Exemplary complexing agent components include, but are not limited to:citric acid, lignosulfonates, e.g., Ca—, K—, Na—, and ammoniumlignosulfonates, fulvic acid, ulmic acid, humic acid, amino acids,nucleic acids, ethylenediamin tetraacetatic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid (DTPA), nitrolotriacetic acid (NTA),ethylenediaminediacetate (EDDA),ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (EDDHA),hydroxyethylethylene-diaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), cyclohexane diaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA), and the like.

Naturally occurring chelating agents may also be employed. By naturallyoccurring chelating agent is meant that the chelating agent is achelating agent that occurs in nature, i.e. not an agent that has beenfirst synthesized by human intervention. The naturally occurringchelating agent may be a low molecular weight chelating agent, where bylow molecular weight chelating agent is meant that the molecular weightof the chelating agent does not exceed about 200 daltons. In manyembodiments, the molecular weight of the chelating agent is greater thanabout 100 daltons.

Naturally occurring low molecular weight chelating agents that may beused are microbial produced chelating agents. By “microbial produced” ismeant that the chelating agent is produced by a microbe, where themicrobe is generally a bacterium or a fungus. In many embodiments, thechelating agents are citric acid cycle intermediates and derivativesthereof. Specific chelating agents of interest include: malic acid,succinic acid, oxalacetic acid, ketoglutaric acid and citric acid andamino acids derived from citric acid cycle intermediates, such asglycine (75.1 daltons), alanine (89.1 daltons), serine (105.1 daltons),valine (117.2 daltons), threonine (119.1 daltons), cysteine (121.2daltons), leucine (131.2 daltons), isoleucine (131.2 daltons),asparginine (132.1 daltons), glutamine (146.2 daltons), methionine(149.2 daltons), etc.

Accordingly, embodiments include compositions that may include a sourceof at least one naturally occurring chelating agent. By source is meantthat the compositions may include the chelating agents or an entity orcomponent that produces the chelating agents. In many embodiments, thesource of chelating agents is a living or viable microbial source ofchelating agents. For example, the microbial source may be a bacterialor fungal culture which produces the requisite chelating agents.

Microbes

As noted above, the subject compositions may include one or a pluralityof distinct microbial species. By plurality is meant at least about 2,e.g., about 3, e.g., about 5, where in certain embodiments the number ofdifferent microbial species in a subject compositions may be as high asabout 10 to about 15 or higher. A microbial species present in a subjectcomposition may serve a variety of functions, e.g., may be antagonisticagainst one or more microbial pathogens. By antagonistic against one ormore microbial pathogens is meant that microbial species inhibits thegrowth of one or more pathogenic microbial species, e.g., as determinedby a y suitable methods, e.g., a suitable assay or the like.

The one or more microbial species provided in a subject composition maybe any suitable microbial species, including bacterial species andfungal species, where the specific microbial specie(s) employed in agiven composition may depend on a variety of factors, e.g., theparticular plant, soil, phytotoxicant, etc. Exemplary bacterial speciesof interest include, but are not limited to: Bacillus subtilis; Bacillusthuringiensis; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus megaterium; Bacillus penetrans;Arthrobacter paraffineus; and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Exemplary fungalspecies of interest include, but are not limited to: Trichoderma viride,Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma polysporum, Trichoderma hamatum,Trichoderma koningii, Gliocladium virens, Gieocladium roseum,Gliocladium catenulatum, Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium lilacinum,Penicillium nigricans, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium frequenters,and the like.

A plurality of microbial species may be employed in the practice of thesubject methods and include spore-forming and non-spore formingbacterial species and beneficial fungal species, such as available underthe trademark IOTA. IOTA is a trademark of Fusion 360 of Turlock, Calif.for a microbial inoculant for soil and generally includes spore-formingand non-spore forming bacterial species and beneficial fungal species(see also, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/695,531 entitled“MICROBIAL BLEND COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THEIR USE”, the disclosureof which is herein incorporated by reference).

The subject compositions may include a substrate for activating theproliferation of certain microbes, e.g., may include TILTH or ananalogous substance. TILTH is a trademark of Fusion 360 of Turlock,Calif. for a specifically formulated substrate designed to activaterapid proliferation of most beneficial microbial saprophytes, symbiontsand/or competitors of plant pathogens. In general TILTH includes complexcarbohydrates, variable chain alcohols, catalysts, polycarboxylic acids,amino acids and complex proteins.

Exemplary Compositions

As described above, embodiments of the subject compositions at leastinclude an assimilable carbon skeleton energy component. However,certain embodiments include one or more additional components asdescribed above. Plant formulations that include one or more componentsas described above and which may be employed in the subject inventioninclude, but are not limited to, those described in, and analogous tothose described in, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,797,976; 5,549,729 and 6,309,440,the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. Aparticularly effective composition that may be used in the practice ofthe subject methods may include an ACSE component, e.g., GREEN THUMB™1-0-2 plant constituent formulation, or an analogous formulation. GREENTHUMB 1-0-2 is a trademark of Fusion 360 of Turlock, Calif. for a plantconstituent formulation. In general, GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 plant constituentformulation includes a carbon skeleton energy component, nitrogen (ureanitrogen and nitrate nitrogen), potassium (K₂O), calcium, magnesium,zinc, manganese and iron. Also of interest is the combination of an ACSEcomponent, e.g., GREEN THUMB 1-0-2, with a source of soluble calcium andnitrogen, e.g., as provided by INTEGRITY (also referred to as INTEGRITYCALCIUM) which is a trademark of Fusion 360 of Turlock, Calif. for asoluble, calcium mineral plant supplement. INTEGRITY includes nitrogen(2% ammoniacal nitrogen and 2% nitrate nitrogen) and calcium (Ca)derived from calcium acetate, calcium gluconate, calcium chloride andcalcium nitrate. Such compositions may also include a surfactant such asan organosilicone surfactant (e.g., SILWET L-77).

For example, an exemplary composition that may be used in the practiceof the subject methods may include an ACSE component, e.g., GREEN THUMB1-0-2 or analogous substance (e.g., about 2 to about 5 gallons/100gallons composition), a calcium component, e.g., INTEGRITY CALCIUM oranalogous substance (e.g., about 2 to about 4 quart/100 gallonscomposition) and a surfactant such as an organosilicone surfactant,e.g., SILWET L-77 (e.g., about 2 to about 3 ounces/100 gallonscomposition). Such embodiments are particularly useful as a remedialspray.

Other composition embodiments may include urea ammonium nitrate,ammonium polyphosphate, a plurality of microbial species and a substratefor the proliferation of microbes. An exemplary embodiment of acomposition that may employ these components and which may be used inthe practice of the subject methods may include UAN-32 or analogoussubstance (e.g., about 5 to about 25 gallons/acre), 10-34-0 or analogoussubstance (e.g., about 1 to about 5 gallon/acre), water e.g., about 4 toabout 10 gallons/acre), TILTH or analogous substance (e.g., about 40 toabout 100 gallons/acre), and ITOA or analogous substance (e.g., about 1to about 5 gallon/acre). Such embodiments are particularly useful forsoil bioremediation.

Composition Preparation

In general, the compositions used in the practice of the subject methodsare prepared by combining one or more of the components described above(e.g., one or more of: an assimilable carbon skeleton energy componentand/or water and/or a macronutrient component and/or a micronutrientcomponent and/or a complexing agent and/or a vitamin/cofactor and/or oneor more microbial species), each in amounts sufficient to yield the acomposition effective at treating a plant identified as one which hasbeen exposed to, or is at least suspected of being exposed to, aphytotoxicant.

The various components used to produce the subject pesticidecompositions may be obtained from any convenient source and/or producedusing conventional protocols known to those of skill in the art. Forexample, the water that is used to produce the subject compositions maybe tap water obtained from any convenient water source, e.g. a municipalwater district, where the water may be purified or otherwise treated,e.g. to remove certain undesirable agents that may be initially presenttherein. The various other components may be obtained from anyconvenient source, e.g. commercial vendors.

In certain embodiments, a composition may be prepared in a mix tank(e.g., a spray tank or analogous mixing apparatus). For example, suchembodiments may include tank mixing in a spray tank by combining anassimilable carbon skeleton energy component and/or water and/or amacronutrient component and/or a micronutrient component and/or avitamin/cofactor component and/or a complexing agent and/or one or moremicrobial species in such a mixing apparatus or other analogousapparatus. In certain embodiments a tank mix may be prepared bycombining one or more commercially obtained components, e.g., obtainedin dry form, and in a spray tank with water. Some or all of thecomponents of a composition used in the practice of the subjectinvention may be pre-formulated, i.e., provided to the end user in apre-mixed, ready-to use form. In instances wherein a parent mix orconcentrate is use as a starting material, the subject methods may alsoinclude a dilution step, in which water is combined with the concentratein order to reduce the concentration of the components in thecomposition.

As noted above, one or more other components may also be included in thesubject compositions (e.g., one or more buffers, surfactants, wettingagents, spreaders, emulsifiers, viscosity regulators, diluents,dispersing agents, foaming agents and foaming suppressants, penetrants,stickers, correctants, attractants, and the like). Accordingly, anyother component may be added to a given composition and mixed therewith,e.g., in a tank mixer. For example, in those embodiments where asurfactant is used, such may be added to a tank after all othercomponents are added in order to minimize foam generation. Embodimentsmay also include an anti-foam agent, e.g., Foambuster, and the like.Foambuster is the brand name of a dimethylpolysiloxane-containinganti-foaming agent available from Helena Development Lab and is designedto minimize or prevent foaming problems associated with some pesticidesin water-based sprays. In such instances, an anti-foaming agent may beadded to a tank prior to the addition of a surfactant.

Components of a given composition may be packaged separately or togetherat a manufacturing site and transported to a user for use. For example,a manufacturer, distributor, retail outlet, etc., may package specificcomponents separately, with specific instructions for combining thecomponents in suitable ratios to produce a composition for use that atleast reduces pesticide phytotoxicity and/or instructions for applyingthe composition to a plant to combat phytotoxicity. In such instances,.a user may then receive the separately packaged components andinstructions and combine the components together according to theinstructions to provide a composition that may be used in the practiceof the subject methods. Embodiments may also include packagedcompositions wherein some or all of the component are mixed together(i.e., pre-formulated), e.g., at a manufacturing site, distributor,etc., such that some or all of the components are combined prior topackaging of the components. Such embodiments may include instructionsfor mixing one or more other components and/or for further processingand/or instructions for applying a composition to a plant to treat theplant for phytotoxicity.

Application of a Composition to a Plant

Once a plant has been identified as being exposed to a phytotoxicant anda composition for application to the plant has been prepared (if notprovided pre-formulated), a suitable amount of a phytotoxicity-fightingcomposition may be applied to a plant using any suitable method. Acomposition may be applied to the plant and/or to soil associated withthe plant. Accordingly, in practicing the subject methods, a compositionas described above is applied to at least a portion of the plant, e.g.,at least a portion of the foliage of the plant. By “application” ismeant that the composition is placed on the surface of the plant and/orin or on the soil associated with the plant, including in the water usedto irrigate the plant. For example, a composition may be placed on thesurface of the foliage of the plant(s) to be treated, where the term“foliage” is used broadly to encompass not only the leaves of the plant,but every other part of the plant that is not underground, i.e. belowthe soil surface, such that the term “foliage” includes leaves, stems,flowers, fruit, etc. In certain embodiments, a composition may becontacted with the soil and in this context contact is meant that thecomposition is introduced to the soil, e.g., contact may includespraying so that the composition soaks into the soil, injecting thecomposition into the soil, flooding the soil with the composition, andthe like. Accordingly, application to a plant may be by any convenientmethod, including spraying (e.g., spraying onto foliage and sprayingonto soil surfaces), injection into irrigation water such as throughsprinkler systems, including into drip or micro sprinkler systems,injection into flood or furrow runs, delivered through shanking, etc.

The amount of a given composition used during any one application willvary greatly depending on the nature of the plant and the number ofplants to be treated (e.g., acreage), the nature of the composition, theenvironmental conditions, the particular phytotoxicant, the degree ofphytotoxicity, etc. Where more than one plant is treated, e.g., wherecrops are treated, the amount that is applied based on acreage may rangefrom about 10 gal per acre to about 250 gallons per acre, e.g., fromabout 15 to about 225 gal per acre, e.g., from about 20 to about 200 galper acre.

Depending on the nature of the plant, the phytotoxicant, the degree ofphytotoxicity, the nature of the composition, the environmentalconditions, as well as other factors, the composition may be appliedmore than once over a given period of time. As such, a composition maybe applied daily, weekly or a few times/week, every two weeks, monthlyetc. For example, applications may include a first, remedial sprayapplication followed by one or more subsequent applications, e.g., atleast about 2-3 additional spray applications, at intervals of aboutevery 2 to about every 20 days—and thereafter until appropriate to stop,e.g., phytotoxicity is stopped or otherwise managed and/or the plantand/or soil is determined to be healthy (e.g., as determined by returnto normal plant growth/development relative to the growth/development ofthe plant suffering from phytotoxicity—i.e., growth/development of theplant prior to experiencing phytotoxicity). For example, remediation ofa phytotoxicant may be observed by plant coloration, leaf size,bioassays of plant and/or soil, and the like. In certain embodimentsapplications of a composition to a plant may be repeated, e.g., repeatedregularly on a schedule that may range from about every 2 to about every20 days as needed or even throughout the plant's entire growing season.

In instances where a composition is applied more than once over a givenperiod of time, subsequent applications may differ in one or morerespects, e.g., compositions may change (i.e., different compositionsmay be employed, different ratios of a composition's components, etc.),methods of application may differ, etc.

Embodiments may also include soil remediation, e.g., soilbioremediation, and remedial spraying, e.g., in instances where soil iscontaminated with a phytotoxicant. Such embodiments may include, at somepoint after planting in phytotoxicant-contaminated soil, applying acomposition to the soil and to the foliage of the plant. For example, atsome point after planting in contaminated soil (e.g., from about 1 dayto about 6 months after planting), a composition may be applied to thesoil by injection of the composition into the sprinkler system for aneven distribution of the soil. In certain embodiments, suitable solidremediation will be accomplished in about 1 to about 10 applications,e.g., from about 1 to about 5 applications, where the number ofapplication will depend on a variety of factors such as, but not limitedto, the toxicant species, the extent of the contamination and/ortoxicity, the intensity of the remedial program, and the like. Forexample, in the instances where the toxic factor includes pathogensand/or pests, in certain embodiments an initial, intense activation maybe followed by one or more periodic, regular maintenance applications.In addition to the soil remediation, a composition in the form of afoliar spray may be applied to the foliage of the plant(s) planted inthe soil in a manner analogous to that described above, e.g., sprayapplications may include a first spray application followed bysubsequent applications that may include at least about 2 to about 3additional spray application—sprayed on the plant in intervals that mayrange from about every 2 to about every 20 days.

The subject methods, i.e., application of a composition to a plantexposed to a phytotoxicant, results at least in the reduction ofphytotoxicity in a plant and/or recovery of normal physiologicalfunctions. In certain embodiments complete elimination of phytotoxicitymay be achieved by the practice of the subject methods. Furthermore, incertain embodiments the subject methods may be employed to impartpreventive tolerance to the treated plant to phytotoxicity. Accordingly,the practice of the subject invention may be used to mollify thephytotoxicity of a plant and/or completely detoxify a plant of aphytotoxicant. The subject methods may result in inciting enhancedproduction of membrane tissues and concomitant production of enzymesneeded for efficient physiological functions and/or de novo synthesis oftoxicant degradative enzymes.

Utility

The subject methods find use in a variety of applications where a plantis suffering from, or is suspected of suffering from, phytotoxicity dueto exposure to a phytotoxicant. Accordingly, the subject methods may beused on any number of different types of plants, e.g., any plant forwhich a pesticide is registered for use with the EnvironmentalProtection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Pesticide and/or an appropriatestate agency.

Exemplary types of plants that may be treated using the subject methodsinclude, but are not limited to, cereal crops (e.g., Rice, Wheat, Corn,Barley, Oats, Sorghum, Rye, Millet, and the like); legumes (e.g.,Soybean, Peanut, Beans, Broad Bean, Pea, Chickpea or Garbanzo, BlackEyed Pea, Lentil, Pigeon Pea, Guar, and the like); forage crops (e.g.,Clover, Bird's Foot Trefoil, Vetch, Sweet Clover, Lespedeza, Lupine,Sorghum-Sudan, Kentucky Bluegrass, Timothy, Orchardgrass, Fescua,Bermudagrass, Dallisgrass & Bahiagrass, Ryegrass, Bentgrass and thelike); stem and leaf crops (e.g., Sugar Cane, Artichoke, Asparagus,Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Celery, Chard, Chinese Cabbage,Collards, Endive, Lettuce, Parsley, Rhubarb, Spinach and the like); rootcrops (e.g., Potato, Cassave, Sweet Potato, Beets, Taro, Carrot,Horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, Onion, Parsnip, Radish, Rutabaga,Salsify, Turnip, Yam, and the like); fruit and seed vegetables (e.g.,Tomato, Eggplant, Curcurbits, Okra, Pepper, and the like); fruit and nutcrops (e.g., Citrus, Grape, Banana, Apple, Stone Fruits, Blueberry,Brambles, Cranberry, Currant, Pear, Avocado, Cashew, Coconut, Date, Fig,Guava, Litchi, Maracuja, Mango, Olive, Papaya, Pineapple, Pomegranate,Almond, Brazil Nut, Filberts, Macadamia, Pecan, Pistachio, Walnuts,Sunflower and the like); beverage crops (e.g., Coffee, Tea, Cacao, Cola,Hops, and the like); oil, fat and wax crops (e.g., Safflower, Coconut,African Oilpalm, Castor Bean, Rape, Sesame, Sunflower, Linseed, Tung,Soybean, Carnauba, Candelilla, Jojoba, and the like); spices, perfumesan flavorings (e.g., Black Pepper, Cinnamon, Clove, Vanilla, Mint,Oregana, Allspice, Anise, Angelica Oil, Mustard, Sage, Ginger, Rose Oil,Bergamot, Camphor, Cananga, Citronella Grass, Eucalyptus, Geranium Oil,Lavandula, Rosemary, Thyme, Turpentine, and the like); ornamentals,forest and fiber crops (e.g., Cotton, Flax, Hemp, Christmas Trees(various conifers), Ornamental Evergreens, Rose, Chrysanthemum,Carnation, Iris, Azalea, Rhododendron, and the like); and houseplants(various species).

The subject methods find use in at least reducing phytotoxicity. By atleast reducing pesticide phytotoxicity is meant that at least one aspector indicator of phytotoxicity is at least reduced relative tophytotoxicity observed prior to the practice of the subject methods. Incertain embodiments, phytotoxicity may be completely eliminated suchthat substantially no, including no, effects of phytotoxicity may beobserved.

Systems

Also provided by the subject invention are systems. The subject systemsmay include one or more of the following: a carbon-skeleton energycomponent and/or a macronutrient component and/or a micronutrientcomponent and/or a vitamin/cofactor component and/or a complexing agentand/ore microbial component (e.g., microbial blend composition). Watermay also be provided in a subject system. In certain embodiments, asystem of the subject invention may include one or more of theabove-described components mixed together, e.g., one or more of theabove mixed together with water, which mixture may be in a form suitablefor application to a plant suffering from phytotoxicity (e.g., forspraying (e.g., spraying onto foliage and spraying onto soil surfaces),injection into irrigation water such as through sprinkler systems,including into drip or micro sprinkler systems, injection into flood orfurrow runs, delivered through shanking, etc.).

Other components that may be provided in a subject system include butare not limited to one or more of: buffers, surfactants, wetting agents,spreaders, emulsifiers, viscosity regulators, diluents, dispersingagents, foaming agents and foaming suppressants, penetrants, stickers,correctants and attractants, and the like.

In certain embodiments, subject systems may include one or more of:GREEN THUMB™ 1-0-2 plant constituent formulation, or an analogousformulation, INTEGRITY or other analogous soluble, calcium mineral plantsupplement, a surfactant, e.g., SILWET 77 or analogous surfactant, andBUD-SET or other analogous composition.

Suitable apparatus for mixing a composition to be employed in thesubject methods and/or for applying a composition to a plant in needthereof in accordance with the subject methods may also be included in asubject system and include, but are not limited to: e.g., mixing tank,spray tank or other foliar spray apparatus, sprinkler system, etc.Accordingly, systems may include an apparatus for applying a compositionto a plant using sub-surface methods, surface methods, aerial spraying,etc., where such may include an apparatus for aerial spraying, atractor, a spray rig, a blaster, a device for hand spraying, etc.

Systems of the subject invention may also include instructions for usefor practicing the subject methods, i.e., for applying aphytotoxicant-fighting composition of the subject invention to a plantin a manner to at least reduce phytotoxicity. The instructions may beprinted on a suitable recording medium. For example, the instructionsmay be printed on a substrate, such as paper or plastic, etc. or may bepresent as an electronic, magnetic or optical storage data file presenton a suitable computer readable storage medium, e.g., CD-ROM, diskette,etc. In yet other embodiments, the system may include means forobtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g., via the Internet,may be provided. An example of this embodiment is a system that includesa World Wide Web address where the instructions may be viewed and/orfrom which the instructions may be. downloaded. Some form of accesssecurity or identification protocol may be used to limit access to thoseentitled to use the subject invention.

Kits

Also provided by the subject invention are kits. The subject kits mayinclude one or more, including all, components that may be used toprepare a composition for use in practicing the subject methods. Forexample, kits may include a carbon-skeleton energy component and/or amacronutrient component and/or a micronutrient component and/or avitamin/cofactor component and/or a complexing agent and/ore microbialcomponent (e.g., microbial blend composition). One or more, includingall, of the components may already be combined together orpre-formulated: In those embodiments where more than two components areprovided in a kit, the components may already be combined together andas such may be packaged in a single container such as a vial, bottle,can, pouch, bag, canister, and the like. In other embodiments, two ormore components of a kit may be packaged separately, i.e., notpre-formulated. As such, embodiments may include kits that include oneor more separate containers such as vials, can, bottles, pouches, bags,canisters, and the like, each container containing a separate componentto be used to make a composition for use in the subject methods.

Kits may also include one or more other components for use in preparinga composition in accordance with the subject invention. Accordingly,kits may include one or more of: buffers, surfactants, wetting agents,spreaders, emulsifiers, viscosity regulators, diluents, dispersingagents, foaming agents and foaming suppressants, penetrants, stickers,correctants and attractants, and the like. These components, if providedin a kit, may be provided pre-formulated with one or more othercomponents of the kit, or may be provided in a separate container, e.g.,vial, bottle, can, pouch, bag, canister, and the like.

Kits may also include instructions for preparing aphytotoxicant-fighting composition, e.g., for combining one or morecomponents to provide a composition, and/or instructions for applying aprepared composition to a plant to at least reduced phytotoxicity. Theinstructions may be printed on a suitable recording medium. For example,the instructions may be printed on a substrate, such as paper orplastic, etc. As such, the instructions may be present in the kits as apackage insert, in the labeling of the container of the kit orcomponents thereof (i.e., associated with the packaging orsub-packaging) etc. In other embodiments, the instructions are presentas an electronic, magnetic or optical storage data file present on asuitable computer readable storage medium, e.g., CD-ROM, diskette, etc.In yet other embodiments, the instructions may not themselves be presentin the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remotesource, e.g., via the Internet, may be provided. An example of thisembodiment is a kit that includes a World Wide Web address where theinstructions may be viewed and/or from which the instructions may bedownloaded. Some form of access security or identification protocol maybe used to limit access to those entitled to use the subject invention.

EXPERIMENTAL

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how tomake and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit thescope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have beenmade to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts,temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should beaccounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight,molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is indegrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

In the following set of experiments, various plants were identified asexposed to various phytotoxicants. The identified plants were treatedfor phytotoxic effects of the respective phytotoxicants by applicationof various phytotoxicant-fighting compositions. In certain instancescontaminated soil was also treated.

A. Herbicide (and Other Chemicals) Drift Phytotoxicity

1. Drift from the Herbicide Glyphosate (ROUNDUP)

In this set of experiments, almond trees, peach trees and grapevinesexperiencing phytotoxicity from drift of the phytotoxicant glyphosate(ROUNDUP) were treated according to the subject invention.

a. Drift onto Almonds Trees

Protocol

The protocol was initiated seven days after drift contamination. Priorto commencement of the treatment protocol, observations included newgrowth manifesting spindly leaf shape and chlorotic foliage typical ofphytoxocity.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ³/₄full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the second spray;    -   no limb or tree mortality;    -   new growth volume and quality was substantial with larger,        thicker leaves, relative to that observed prior to performing        the above-described protocol (superior growth above that        normally observed in non-phytotoxic plants); and    -   no carryover of the phytotoxicant ROUNDUP into successive        seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

b. Drift onto Peach Trees

Protocol

The protocol was initiated twelve days after drift contamination. Priorto commencement of the treatment protocol, observations includedchlorotic older and new leaves, new chlorotic foliage that wasmanifesting typical spindle shape, limbs that were exuding gum from budsand advanced stages of toxicity with onset of defoliation.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the fourth spray;    -   no tree mortality;    -   no carryover of the phytotoxicant ROUNDUP into successive        seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

c. Drift onto Grapevines

Protocol

The protocol was initiated six days after drift contamination. Prior tocommencement of the treatment protocol, observations included newfoliage with compressed growth and palm-like veination and maturefoliage that had incipient chlorosis.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the vines at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the vines was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the vines recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the third spray;    -   no vine mortality;    -   treated vines manifesting thicker, larger leaves;    -   no carryover of the phytotoxicant ROUNDUP into successive        seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed vines were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

2. Drift from the Triazine Herbicide Simazine onto Strawberry Vines

In this experiment, strawberry vines experiencing phytotoxicity fromdrift of the phytotoxicant simazine were treated according to thesubject invention.

protocol

The protocol was initiated eight days after drift contamination. Priorto commencement of the treatment protocol, observations included new andolder growth manifesting chlorosis and new growth that was stunted andmisshapen.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the vines at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the vines was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the vines recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the third spray;    -   no vine mortality;    -   treated vines manifested thicker stems, larger flowers and        thicker leaves.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed vines were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

3. Drift from the Dormancy-Breaking Substance DORMEX onto Lemon Trees

In this experiment, lemon trees experiencing phytotoxicity from drift ofthe phytotoxicant DORMEX were treated according to the subjectinvention.

Protocol

The protocol was initiated twelve days after drift contamination. Priorto commencement of the treatment protocol, observations included foliagewith typical interveinal chlorosis and general tree appearance ofstunted growth and off-color.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 2 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM2 quarts SILWET L-77 2 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 100-about 200 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the third spray;    -   no limb or tree mortality;    -   no carryover of DORMEX into successive seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

4. Drift from the Phenoxy Herbicide 2,4-D onto Grapevines

In this experiment, grapevines experiencing phytotoxicity from drift ofthe phytotoxicant 2,4-D were treated according to the subject invention.

Protocol

The protocol was initiated six days after drift contamination. Prior tocommencement of the treatment protocol, observations included newlyemerged leaves with typical, parallel veination and distorted leaves, aswell as leaf pedicels and canes that had typical curved and twistedgrowth.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the vines at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the vines was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the vines recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the third spray;    -   no vine mortality;    -   new growth without distortion and twisting;    -   treated vines manifested enlarged and thicker leaves; and    -   no carryover of 2,4-D into successive seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed vines were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

5. Drift from the Diphenyl Ether Herbicide GOAL onto Almond Trees

In this experiment, grapevines experiencing phytotoxicity from drift ofthe phytotoxicant GOAL were treated according to the subject invention.

Protocol

The protocol was initiated five days after drift contamination. Prior tocommencement of the treatment protocol, observations general chlorosisand incipient shot-holing if foliage and trees appeared chlorotic andstunted.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the second spray;    -   no limb or tree mortality;    -   new growth exceeds vigor and quality of unaffected, untreated        trees; and    -   no carryover of GOAL into successive seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

B. Accidental Foliar Spray with a Toxicant 1. Accidental Spray withGlyphosate (ROUNDUP)

In this set of experiments, peaches and almonds experiencingphytotoxicity from accidental foliar spray of the phytotoxicantglyphosate (ROUNDUP) were treated according to the subject invention.The accidental spraying resulted from the use of an unmarked containerof ROUNDUP for foliar spraying which was mistaken for a fungicide.

a. Accidental Spraying of ROUNDUP onto Peach Trees

Protocol

The protocol was initiated five days after the accidental foliarspraying. Prior to commencement of the treatment protocol, observationsincluded new foliage initiating typical spindle shape with chlorosis,limbs exuding gum from buds and advanced stages of toxicity with theonset of defoliation.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the fourth spray;    -   occasional minor limb but no tree mortality;    -   no carryover of the phytotoxicant ROUNDUP into successive        seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

b. Accidental Spraying of ROUNDUP onto Almond Trees

Protocol

The protocol was initiated five days after the accidental foliarspraying. Prior to commencement of the treatment protocol, observationsincluded new growth initiating typical spindle leaf and chlorosis andoccasional limbs with incipient gummosis.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the fourth spray;    -   no limb or tree mortality;    -   new growth volume and quality substantial with larger, thicker        leaves; and    -   no carryover of the phytotoxicant ROUNDUP into successive        seasonal growth.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

2. Accidental Spray with Narrow Range Oil (A Low, Unsulfonated ResidueSummer Spray Oil) Provided by Chevron, Inc.)

In this set of experiments, peaches and almonds experiencingphytotoxicity from accidental spraying of with a narrow range oil weretreated according to the subject invention.

a. Accidental Spraying of Narrow Range Oil onto Peach Trees

Protocol

The protocol was initiated two days after the accidental spraying. Thepeach trees were previously sprayed with sulfur and the interaction ofthe sulfur and the oil formed sulfuric acid. Prior to commencement ofthe treatment protocol, observations included foliage having incipientchlorosis and defoliation and subtle to incipient gummosis.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the second spray;    -   minor defoliation with abundant, renewed foliage and shoot        growth; and    -   no deleterious effects on subsequent season cropping.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

b. Accidental Spraying of Narrow Range Oil onto Almond Trees

Protocol

The protocol was initiated three days after the accidental spraying. Thealmond trees were previously sprayed with the dicaroximide fungicideCAPTAN, forming a phytotoxic mixture. Prior to commencement of thetreatment protocol, observations included foliage having incipientchlorosis and occasional defoliation.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the second spray;    -   no limb or tree mortality;    -   new growth volume and quality substantial with larger, thicker        leaves; and    -   no deleterious effects on successive seasonal growth and yields.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

c. Accidental Spraying of Narrow Range Oil onto Almond Trees

Protocol

The protocol was initiated three days after the accidental spraying. Thealmond trees were previously sprayed with the organosulfur miticideOMITE and the interaction of the OMITE and the oil formed a phytotoxicmixture. Prior to commencement of the treatment protocol, observationsincluded foliage having incipient chlorosis and defoliation.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 5 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the trees recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by the second spray;    -   no limb or tree mortality;    -   new growth volume and quality substantial with larger, thicker        leaves; and    -   no deleterious effects on successive seasonal growth and yields.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods.

C. Planting onto Herbicide (And Other Chemical(s))-Contaminated Soil

1. Planting Turf onto Soil Contaminated with the Pyridazinone HerbicideSOLICAM

In this experiment, turf was planted into SOLICAM-contaminated soil andwas experiencing phytotoxicity from the exposure to the herbicideSOLICAM. The turf was treated in accordance with the subject inventionten days prior to the time when the sod needed to be harvested.

Protocol

The protocol was initiated about three months after planting. Prior tocommencement of the treatment protocol, observations included leafblades typically bleached white and stunted.

Bioremediation:

Material Rate/acre UAN-32 5 gallons 10-34-0 1 gallon water 4 gallonsTILTH 40 gallons IOTA+ 1 gallon

Under agitation, the UAN-32, water 10-34-0 and TILTH were blendedtogether. IOTA was added last. The mixture was injected into thesprinkler system for even distribution.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 5 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the turf at a volume that delivers a finemist (about 25-about 80 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the turf was repeated which included at least 3consecutive sprays at 3 day intervals and thereafter every 7-10 daysuntil the turf recovered from the phytotoxicity.

Results

-   -   restoration of normal growth by seventh day following initial        treatment;    -   treated turf remediated to green coloration;    -   new growth green and leaf blades larger than before;    -   no turf mortality;    -   no carryover of SOLICAM into subsequent growth; and    -   soil showed complete bioremediation of SOLICAM as demonstrated        by bioassay that included seeding the soil with an indicator        plant, Field Mustard, and observing the indicator plant for        potential symptoms.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed turf was successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods. Furthermore, completebioremediation of SOLICAM in the soil was achieved.

2. Soil Contaminated with the Combination Herbicide KROVAR (WhichIncludes DIURON (A Substituted Urea) and BROMACIL (A SubstitutedUracil))

In this experiment, soil was contaminated with KROVAR. Strawberry vineswere subsequently planted into the KROVAR-contaminated soil and wereexperiencing phytotoxicity from the exposure to the KROVAR. The groundin which the vines were planted was previously planted to citrus, a cropin which KROVAR was used for pre-emergence weed control. Chemicalanalysis of the soil prior to initiating the below-described protocolindicated BROMACIL at a concentration of 2 ppm and DIURON at aconcentration of 12 ppm. Bioassay analysis of the soil indicatedextremely high levels of KROVAR.

Protocol

The soil bioremediation protocol was initiated 2½ weeks before plantingof the vines and the remedial spraying was initiated 3-5 days afterplanting of the vines. Prior to commencement of the treatment protocol,observations included no germination or growth of the indicator weed(field mustard).

Bioremediation:

Material Rate/acre UAN-32 25 gallons 10-34-0 5 gallon water 10 gallonsTILTH 100 gallons IOTA+ 5 gallon

Under agitation, the UAN-32, water 10-34-0 and TILTH were blendedtogether. IOTA was added last. The mixture was injected into thesprinkler system for even distribution.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 4 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM3 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the vines at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 60 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the vines was repeated regularly on a 7-10 day schedulethroughout the growing season.

Results

-   -   normal growth, free of KROVAR phytotoxicity was observed        throughout the growing season; and    -   treated soil showed complete remediation as demonstrated by        bioassay that included seeding the soil with an indicator plant,        Field Mustard, and observing the indicator plant for potential        symptoms.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed vines were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods. Furthermore, completebioremediation of KROVAR in the soil was achieved.

3. Soil Contaminated with the Imidazolinone Herbicide ASSERT

In this experiment, soil was contaminated with ASSERT. Russet potatoeswere subsequently planted into the ASSERT-contaminated soil and wereexperiencing phytotoxicity from the exposure to the ASSERT. ASSERT hadbeen previously applied to a rotation crop (wheat) planted in the soil.

Protocol

The soil bioremediation protocol was initiated about 2 weeks beforeplanting of the potato plants and the remedial spraying was initiated atthe 3-5 leaf stage. Prior to commencement of the treatment protocol,bioassay analysis indicated the presence of levels of ASSERT in the soilthat are phytotoxic to potato plants as demonstrated by bioassay thatincluded seeding the soil with an indicator plant, Field Mustard, andobserving the indicator plant for potential symptoms.

Soil Bioremediation:

Material Rate/acre UAN-32 5 gallons 10-34-0 1 gallon water 4 gallonsTILTH 40 gallons IOTA+ 1 gallon

Under agitation, the UAN-32, water 10-34-0 and TILTH were blendedtogether. IOTA was added last. The mixture was injected into thesprinkler system for even distribution.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 4 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM4 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the plants at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 15-about 40 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the plants was repeated at least 3 more times at 7 dayintervals beginning with the 3-5 leaf stage.

Results

-   -   no signs of ASSERT toxicity observed in the potato plants        throughout the season;    -   treated soil showed complete bioremediation of the toxicant as        demonstrated by bioassay that included seeding the soil with an        indicator plant, Field Mustard, and observing the indicator        plant for potential symptoms;    -   potato plant growth in an untreated control area manifested weak        stand, stunted, chlorotic growth; and    -   potato plant growth in treated, contaminated areas showed        superior leaf size and green coloration relative to plants        growing in an untreated, uncontaminated area.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed plants were successfully treated forphytotoxicity according to the subject methods. Furthermore, completeremediation of the toxicant in the soil was achieved.

4. Soil Contaminated with Natural Toxins (“Allelopathic Toxins”) fromPrevious Crop Shreddings

In these experiments, soil was contaminated with allelopathic toxins.Almond trees and asters were subsequently planted into the contaminatedsoil and were experiencing phytotoxicity from the exposure to theallelopathic toxins. The contaminated soil was soil where sawdust fromprevious orchards shreddings had been stockpiled. Previous experiencewith plant growth in such soils has consistently has resulted instunted, reduced growth quality. Fumigation of such soils has producedaggravation of the allelopathy through destruction of beneficial,degradative microflora.

a. Almond Trees Planted into the Allelopathic Toxin-Contaminated Soil

Protocol

The soil bioremediation protocol was initiated 2 weeks before plantingof the almond trees into the soil and the remedial spraying wasinitiated at the 3-5 true leaf stage.

Soil Bioremediation:

Material Rate/acre UAN-32 20 gallons 10-34-0 5 gallon water 10 gallonsTILTH 40 gallons IOTA+ 3 gallon

Under agitation, the UAN-32, water 10-34-0 and TILTH were blendedtogether. IOTA was added last. The mixture was injected into thesprinkler system for even distribution.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 4 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM3 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the trees at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 60 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the trees was repeated regularly on a 10-14 day schedulethroughout the growing season.

Results

-   -   normal growth, free of allelopathic phytotoxicity was observed        throughout the growing season;    -   treated soil tested through bioassays indicated complete        bioremediation;    -   treated soil showed significant reductions in soil-borne        pathogens: Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium        spp., Phytophthora spp.;    -   treated soil shoed significant reductions in plant-parasitic        nematodes species and a concomitant increase in beneficial,        free-living nematodes, tardigrades and mites; and    -   host almond trees in treated areas showed larger stature, girth        and lateral branching.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed trees were successfully treated forphytotoxicity and the contaminated soil was successfully treatedaccording to the subject methods. Furthermore, complete remediation ofthe toxicant in the soil was achieved.

b. Asters Planted into the Allelopathic Toxin-Contaminated Soil

The treatment protocol was initiated 1 week following the removal of thepreviously planted aster crops. Asters are known for allelopathichindrances to subsequent plantings. Typically, the opportunity forsuccessful germination and growth of a subsequent crop only occursfollowing 1-2 years fallow ground.

Protocol

The soil bioremediation protocol was initiated 10 days before plantingand the remedial spraying was initiated at the 3-5 true leaf stage.

Soil Bioremediation:

Material Rate/acre UAN-32 15 gallons 10-34-0 5 gallon water 10 gallonsTILTH 50 gallons IOTA+ 3 gallon

Under agitation, the UAN-32, water 10-34-0 and TILTH were blendedtogether. IOTA was added last. The mixture was injected into thesprinkler system for even distribution.

Remedial Spray:

Material Rate/100 gallons GREEN THUMB 1-0-2 4 gallons INTEGRITY CALCIUM3 quarts SILWET L-77 3 ounces BUD-SET 12 ounces

To prepare the composition for use, a spray tank was filled at least ¾full with water and agitated before blending the above-describedmaterials. The materials were added to the spray tank and blendedtogether.

The composition was applied to the asters at a volume that delivers afine mist (about 25-about 60 gallons per acre). Application of thecomposition to the asters was repeated regularly on a 10-14 day schedulethroughout the growing season.

Results

-   -   normal growth, free of allelopathic phytotoxicity was observed        throughout the growing season;    -   treated soil tested through bioassays indicated complete        bioremediation;    -   treated soil showed significant reductions in soil-borne        pathogens: Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium        spp., Phytophthora spp.;    -   treated soil showed significant reductions in plant-parasitic        nematodes species and a concomitant increase in beneficial,        free-living nematodes, tardigrades and mites; and    -   host aster plants in treated areas showed larger stature, girth        and lateral branching.

Conclusions

The phytotoxicant-exposed plants were successfully treated forphytotoxicity and the contaminated soil was successfully treatedaccording to the subject methods. Furthermore, complete remediation ofthe toxicant in the soil was achieved.

It is evident from the above results and discussion that the subjectinvention provides novel methods of treating a plant exposed or at leastsuspected of being expose to a phytotoxicant. The compositions employedin the practice of the subject methods can provide for significantimprovement in terms of at least reduced phytotoxicity, e.g., improvedplant health and the like relative to phytotoxicity observed prior toapplication of the subject compositions to a phytotoxicant-exposedplant, and are easy to prepare and use. The versatility of the subjectmethods enables the effective treatment of a wide variety ofphytotoxicant-exposed plants, at least reduces the toxic effects of awide variety of phytotoxicants and enables the application of aphytotoxicant-fighting composition to a plant in need thereof using awide variety of methods. As such, the subject invention is a significantadvance in the art.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one ofskill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made theretowithout departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a plant exposed to aphytotoxicant, said method comprising: (a) identifying a plant exposedto a phytotoxicant by direct exposure of foliage of said plant to saidphytotoxicant; and (b) applying a phytotoxicity-reducing amount of anassimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprising composition tosaid identified plant to at least ameliorate the symptoms associatedwith said exposure to the phytotoxicant.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein said applying comprises applying said assimilablecarbon-skeleton energy component-comprising composition to the soilassociated with said plant.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein saidassimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprising composition isapplied to said soil by adding said composition to water used toirrigate said plant.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said applyingcomprises applying said assimilable carbon-skeleton energycomponent-comprising composition to the foliage of said plant.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said assimilable carbon-skeleton energycomponent-comprising composition is applied at a rate of about 15 toabout 100 gallons/acre.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein saidassimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprising composition isapplied to said plant about 1 hour to about 21 days after said plant isat least suspected of being exposed to said phytotoxicant.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein said method comprises repeating said applying stepat least one additional time.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein saidapplying is repeated at least one additional time within a period oftime ranging from about 24 hours to about 21 days following the initialapplying step.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said applying isrepeated at least about 2 to about 5 times at intervals ranging fromabout every 2 days to about every 20 days following the initial applyingstep.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said exposure is accidental.11. The method of claim 10, wherein said accidental exposure is a resultof accidental drift of said phytotoxicant.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein said exposure is by purposeful foliar spray.
 13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said assimilable carbon-skeleton energycomponent-comprising composition further comprises a macronutrientcomponent.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said assimilablecarbon-skeleton energy component-comprising composition furthercomprises a micronutrient component.
 15. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid assimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprising compositionfurther comprises a vitamin/cofactor component.
 16. The method of claim1, wherein said assimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprisingcomposition further comprises a complexing agent.
 17. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said assimilable carbon-skeleton energycomponent-comprising composition further comprises at least one speciesof microbe.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said at least onespecies of microbe is capable of antagonizing at least one plantpathogen.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said method at leastresults in a reduction of said phytotoxicity.
 20. The method of claim 1,wherein said method further comprises, prior to applying saidassimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprising composition tosaid plant, determining the source of said phytotoxicant.
 21. The methodof claim 1, wherein said phytotoxicant is a pesticide.
 22. A kitcomprising: (a) an assimilable carbon-skeleton energycomponent-comprising composition, and (b) instructions for using saidassimilable carbon-skeleton energy component-comprising compositionaccording to the method of claim 1.